Using Hyperbaric Chambers to Treat Decompression Sickness: A Complete Guide
Decompression sickness (DCS) — widely known as “the bends” — is a serious condition caused by nitrogen bubbles forming in the bloodstream and tissues after a rapid change in pressure. It most commonly affects scuba divers but can also impact aviators, caisson workers, and individuals exposed to sudden decompression.
The most effective and widely accepted treatment for decompression sickness is Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) delivered using a hyperbaric chamber. This therapy has been proven over decades to reduce symptoms, restore circulation, and support full recovery when administered promptly.
This guide explores exactly how hyperbaric treatment works, why it is the gold-standard response to DCS, and what patients can expect during the process.
How Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Treats Decompression Sickness
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the cornerstone of DCS management because it targets both the underlying cause and the resulting tissue damage. Key benefits include:
- Shrinking Nitrogen Bubbles
Exposure to increased pressure reduces the size of nitrogen bubbles formed during rapid ascent. This alleviates joint pain, neurological symptoms, and circulatory issues. - Accelerated Nitrogen Removal
Breathing 100% oxygen helps the body eliminate nitrogen much faster than normal atmospheric breathing, speeding up recovery and preventing further complications. - Enhanced Oxygen Delivery to Damaged Tissues
HBOT dramatically increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood, improving healing in areas where circulation has been impaired by bubble formation. - Reduced Inflammation and Swelling
The high-oxygen environment helps stabilise tissues, reducing swelling in joints, muscles, and the nervous system.
This combination of effects makes hyperbaric chambers the leading clinical intervention for mild to severe forms of decompression sickness.
The Hyperbaric Treatment Process
- Initial Assessment
A specialist in diving or hyperbaric medicine evaluates symptoms, dive history, and the severity of the condition. This determines the correct treatment protocol. - Use of Standard Treatment Tables
Most UK hyperbaric facilities follow recognised treatment tables, such as the Royal Navy or UK-approved protocols, which set out pressure levels, oxygen periods and overall session duration. - Continuous Monitoring
Patients are monitored closely inside the chamber for symptoms, oxygen levels, neurological changes, and overall comfort. - Duration and Number of Sessions
A typical treatment lasts 2.5–5 hours, though severe neurological cases may require repeated sessions over several days.
Safety and Possible Side Effects
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered safe when undertaken at accredited medical centres.
- Mild ear or sinus pressure during compression
- Temporary fatigue after treatment
- Light-headedness
More serious complications are rare, and risk is minimised through proper screening and experienced clinical supervision.
Reducing the Risk of Decompression Sickness
Although hyperbaric treatment is highly effective, prevention remains essential for divers and others regularly exposed to pressure changes.
- Ascending slowly and following dive computer guidance
- Leaving adequate time between multiple dives
- Staying hydrated and avoiding alcohol
- Not flying too soon after diving
- Being conservative with dive profiles when tired, cold, or unwell
Recognising symptoms early and seeking rapid treatment significantly improves the likelihood of a full recovery.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Symptoms can appear within minutes to several hours after surfacing. Pain, fatigue, numbness, or dizziness should always be investigated by a medical professional.
Yes. HBOT is the gold-standard treatment because it directly reduces nitrogen bubbles and restores normal blood flow.
Most sessions last between 2.5 and 5 hours, but some individuals may require additional sessions depending on symptom severity.
Many patients fully recover, especially when treatment is received promptly. Severe or delayed cases may require longer rehabilitation.
Not all hospitals have hyperbaric chambers capable of treating DCS. Emergency services, dive operators, and national diving organisations can direct individuals to the nearest suitable facility.
Conclusion
Hyperbaric chambers remain the most effective and scientifically supported treatment for decompression sickness. By reducing nitrogen bubbles, improving oxygen delivery, and stabilising damaged tissues, hyperbaric oxygen therapy offers divers and other affected individuals the best chance of full recovery.